Original 3D Features

TIN Model

Generated Contours

Shaded Surface Display

Slope Vector Display

3D Window

Overview

A Digital Terrain Models (DTM) is a 3D surface computed from a set of data points.  Once a DTM  has been created, contours, profiles, volumes between surfaces and 3D displays are available.

There are several different representations for DTMs. The most common are, Regular Grid and  Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN). TIN models are most commonly used in engineering applications because they always honor the original data points.   Terrain Tools uses a TIN.  

Points and Breaklines

Coordinate points are assembled from a variety of sources (digitized, imported from files, entered from field notes etc). All points are tagged as 2D or 3D.  Only 3D points are included in the TIN model.  Although the z value is normally elevation,  any point attribute such as temperature, thickness, porosity etc. can be used. 

Breaklines are an important part of TIN modeling. They prevent triangles from crossing over a linear feature such as a road edge or ditch line.  In Terrain Tools breakline features are automatically processed when the TIN model is created. Breaklines can include curved segments.

TIN Processing

Once the points, and breaklines have been identified,  Terrain Tools will automatically create a TIN. It can process large models very quickly (> 200,000 points in a few seconds on standard PC hardware).   

Polygonal boundaries can be used to restrict the calculations inside or outside specific areas. A maximum triangle side length parameter can also be set to prevent the formation of  large inaccurate triangles.

Crossing breaklines are automatically detected and flagged for correction.

Contours and Surface Display

Smoothed and labeled contours can be generated at any interval from the TIN model. Different colors, linetypes, symbols and labeling can be applied to major and minor contours.  After the contours have been automatically generated they can be edited on the screen. 

Shaded surface displays based on elevation, slope, aspect and light source are available. The user has control of color and number of shading intervals. 

A slope vector display indicating the slope direction and magnitude is provided.

A 3D window is also available.  Cursor tracking between the Plan and 3D windows provides easy navigation and identification of problems in the TIN model.  The view position and target position can be set explicitly or controlled by clicking in other windows.

The TIN model can also be output via DWG/DXF as 3D faces to be used in other 3D rendering software. 

Volumes, Surface Area and Intersections

Cut and fill volumes can also be generated between two digital TIN surfaces.  A quick pile volume option is available requiring only one surface to determine volume. 

Surface area and average slope can be automatically calculated and displayed for any polygonal area.

The intersection polyline between two surfaces can be be also be calculated.

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